the library

Hazelnut

Sweet & rich· nut

15 of 64 compounds on file carry a paper the library can cite.

• acetoinaromaketonereads as buttery odor (PubChem)Measured in 16 of 338 ingredients.cite

  measured in raw and roasted kernels of every sample group and named among the chiral compounds with VIP ± SD > 1 for cultivar discrimination; the paper attributes 'buttery notes' to its two enantiomers — Stilo et al. 2022, Frontiers in Plant Science (Table 2, rows '(X)/(Y) 2-Butanone, 3-hydroxy-'; Results (VIP selection))
• linaloolaromaalcoholreads as spicy, citrus taste (PubChem)Measured in 91 of 338 ingredients.cite

  detected in raw and roasted samples of every cultivar except Tonda Gentile Romana, with an excess of the (R)-enantiomer (46-88% depending on cultivar and treatment) — Stilo et al. 2022, Frontiers in Plant Science (Table 2, rows '(R) Linalool' / '(S) Linalool'; Results)
• alpha-pinenearomaterpenoidreads as odor of turpentine (PubChem)Measured in 71 of 338 ingredients.cite

  present in all raw and roasted samples, (R) at 48-87% of the pair; named among the chiral compounds whose VIP ± SD exceeds 1 for discriminating cultivar, with (S)-α-pinene carrying 'harsh, terpene-like, coniferous notes' — Stilo et al. 2022, Frontiers in Plant Science (Table 2, rows '(R) α-Pinene' / '(S) α-Pinene'; Results (VIP selection))
• α-phellandrenearomaterpenoidMeasured in 29 of 338 ingredients.cite

  'α-Phellandrene was detected only in raw samples (apart IT-T) always with a strong enantiomeric excess for the (R) enantiomer' — 91 to >99% (R) — Stilo et al. 2022, Frontiers in Plant Science (Table 2, rows '(R) Phellandrene' / '(S) Phellandrene'; Results)
• γ-octalactonearomaetherMeasured in 2 of 338 ingredients.cite

  close to racemic in the raw kernels of all four sample groups (R 30-58%), and not detected after roasting — Stilo et al. 2022, Frontiers in Plant Science (Table 2, rows '(R) γ-Octalactone' / '(S) γ-Octalactone')
• γ-heptalactonearomalactoneMeasured in 1 of 338 ingredients.cite

  named among the chiral analytes with VIP ± SD > 1 discriminating cultivar; '(R)-γ-heptalactone (characterized by creamy, coconut, and woody notes) was detected in a higher amount in the Tonda Gentile Romana cultivar' — Stilo et al. 2022, Frontiers in Plant Science (Results (VIP selection))
• gamma-valerolactonearomalactoneMeasured in 1 of 338 ingredients.cite

  one of the few lactones still detectable after roasting, where it 'shows an increase of the (S)- enantiomer'; also named among the chiral compounds with VIP ± SD > 1 for cultivar discrimination — Stilo et al. 2022, Frontiers in Plant Science (Table 2, rows '(R) γ-Pentalactone' / '(S) γ-Pentalactone'; Results (VIP selection))
• 2-heptanonearomaketonereads as pear-like flavor (PubChem)Measured in 22 of 338 ingredients.cite

  one of the compounds with VIP ± SD > 1 separating Italian from Georgian hazelnuts; among the ketones found 'in a higher amount ... in the samples harvested in Italy' — Stilo et al. 2022, Frontiers in Plant Science (Results (VIP selection for geographical origin))
• β-angelica lactonearomalactoneMeasured in 1 of 338 ingredients.cite

  'angelica lactone (i.e., 5-methyl-2 (3H)-furanone) can be detected only in roasted samples; its racemic distribution allows to hypothesize a chemical pathway of formation during the thermal treatment' — measured at 45-55% for each enantiomer — Stilo et al. 2022, Frontiers in Plant Science (Table 2, rows '(R) β-Angelica lactone' / '(S) β-Angelica lactone'; Results)
• γ-hexalactonearomalactoneMeasured in 2 of 338 ingredients.cite

  detected in the raw kernels of all cultivars with the widest enantiomeric spread of any lactone measured (19-81%), and not detected in any roasted sample — Stilo et al. 2022, Frontiers in Plant Science (Table 2, rows '(R) γ-Hexalactone' / '(S) γ-Hexalactone'; Results)
• limonenearomaterpenoidreads as pleasant lemon-like (PubChem)Measured in 91 of 338 ingredients.cite

  'a higher abundance of the (S) enantiomer can be noted in all the investigated samples with no substantial differences between raw and roasted nuts' — Stilo et al. 2022, Frontiers in Plant Science (Table 2, rows '(R) Limonene' / '(S) Limonene'; Results)
• ethyl 2-methylbutyratearomaesterMeasured in 9 of 338 ingredients.cite

  detected in the raw Tonda Gentile Trilobata samples with the (R)-enantiomer in excess (56-84%), the form carrying 'a fruity-sweet note' — Stilo et al. 2022, Frontiers in Plant Science (Table 2, rows '(R)/(S) ethyl-2-methylbutanoate'; Results)
• 3-methyl-4-heptanonearomaketoneMeasured in 1 of 338 ingredients.cite

  '3-Methyl-4-heptanone is a key odorant in roasted hazelnut and shows an enantiomeric excess of one of the two enantiomers' — configuration unassigned for want of pure standards; detected in the roasted samples only, and named among the compounds discriminating raw from roasted (VIP > 1) — Stilo et al. 2022, Frontiers in Plant Science (Table 2, rows '(X)/(Y) 4-Heptanone, 3-methyl'; Results)
• 2-heptenalaromaaldehydeMeasured in 12 of 338 ingredients.cite

  named among the non-chiral compounds with VIP ± SD > 1 discriminating the sample set, and described as 'fatty, almond', higher in the Anakliuri samples — Stilo et al. 2022, Frontiers in Plant Science (Results (VIP selection for raw vs roasted); Results)
• filbertonearomaMeasured in 1 of 338 ingredients.cite

  (S)-filbertone is 83-95% of the enantiomer pair in raw kernels and the excess drops after roasting; the absolute abundance of BOTH enantiomers increases on roasting, most sharply for (R) in Italian samples. The paper calls the compound the hazelnut key-odorant and finds its enantiomeric composition 'discriminant for origin authentication' — Stilo et al. 2022, Frontiers in Plant Science (Table 2 (Percentage enantiomeric composition of the main chiral markers of the hazelnut volatilome), rows '(R)-Filbertone' and '(S)-Filbertone'; Abstract; Results (Figure 5))