the library

Apple cider vinegar

Savory & ferment· ferment vinegar

Every one of its 13 compounds carries a paper the library can cite.

• protocatechuic acidtasteacidMeasured in 3 of 338 ingredients.cite

  1.00 ± 0.06; not detected in the Xin He apple cider vinegar, so it is a product-level rather than a category-level finding — Liu et al. 2019, Antioxidants (Table 3, row 10 'Apple cider vinegar (Heinz)', column 'Protocatechuic Acid')
• acetic acidaromaacidreads as pungent (PubChem)Measured in 35 of 338 ingredients.cite

  the paper describes the product's defining step: 'the alcohol produced during the first step is converted naturally to acetic acid by indigenous acetic bacteria'; its Table 1 gives titratable acidity of 3.60 ± 0.21 for artisanal and 5.40 ± 0.14 for industrial apple vinegar — Ousaaid et al. 2022, Molecules (Introduction, apple-vinegar production)
• DL-malic acidtasteacidreads as sour taste (PubChem)Measured in 8 of 338 ingredients.cite

  4102.22 ± 253.95 µg/mL. Malic acid is detected in 11 of the 14 apple-based products in the table, ranging from 236.38 µg/mL (Kühne) to 7691.98 µg/mL (Guang Wei Yuan) — Liu et al. 2019, Antioxidants (Table 4 (Main organic acids and their contents in 23 fruit vinegars), row 11 'Apple cider vinegar (Xin He)', column 'Malic Acid (μg/mL)')
• succinic acidtasteacidreads as very acid taste (PubChem)Measured in 5 of 338 ingredients.cite

  991.08 ± 13.89 µg/mL; also present in two other apple vinegars (Zi Lin 1637.36, Cu Bo Shi 1775.77) — Liu et al. 2019, Antioxidants (Table 4, row 11 'Apple cider vinegar (Xin He)', column 'Succinic Acid (μg/mL)')
• isobutyl acetatearomaesterreads as banana taste (PubChem)Measured in 5 of 338 ingredients.cite

  recorded present ('+') in cider vinegar — a presence record compiled from the published literature, not a measurement by this review's authors — Xie Zhenzhen et al. 2022, Frontiers in Microbiology (Table 4, row '2-Methylpropyl acetate', column 'CV')
• ethyl acetatearomaesterreads as fragrant odor (PubChem)Measured in 42 of 338 ingredients.cite

  recorded present ('+') in cider vinegar — a presence record compiled from the published literature, not a measurement by this review's authors — Xie Zhenzhen et al. 2022, Frontiers in Microbiology (Table 4, row 'Ethyl acetate', column 'CV')
• isoamyl alcoholaromaalcoholMeasured in 43 of 338 ingredients.cite

  recorded present ('+') in cider vinegar — a presence record compiled from the published literature, not a measurement by this review's authors — Xie Zhenzhen et al. 2022, Frontiers in Microbiology (Table 4, row '3-Methyl-1-butanol', column 'CV')
• ethyl hexanoatearomaesterMeasured in 36 of 338 ingredients.cite

  recorded present ('+') in cider vinegar; one of only five compounds the review finds common across all five fruit vinegars — a presence record compiled from the published literature, not a measurement by this review's authors — Xie Zhenzhen et al. 2022, Frontiers in Microbiology (Table 4, row 'Ethyl hexanoate', column 'CV')
• arbutintastesugarMeasured in 2 of 338 ingredients.cite

  32.60% of the phenolic fraction in artisanal apple vinegar and 45.59% in industrial apple vinegar — the largest phenolic in both samples — Ousaaid et al. 2022, Molecules (Table 5 (Phenolic compounds of apple vinegar samples), row 'Arbutin')
• p-coumaric acidtasteacidMeasured in 5 of 338 ingredients.cite

  2.30% of the phenolic fraction in artisanal apple vinegar and 4.56% in industrial — Ousaaid et al. 2022, Molecules (Table 5, row 'P-coumaric')
• Chlorogenic acidtastephenolMeasured in 4 of 338 ingredients.cite

  4.67 ± 0.21 in Apple cider vinegar (Xin He) and 0.23 ± 0.00 in Apple cider vinegar (Heinz); the most frequently detected phenolic across the paper's apple products — Liu et al. 2019, Antioxidants (Table 3 (Main phenolic compounds and their contents in 23 fruit vinegars), rows 10-11, column 'Chlorogenic Acid')
• apigenintasteflavonoidMeasured in 2 of 338 ingredients.cite

  16.48% of the phenolic fraction in artisanal apple vinegar and 2.54% in industrial — the largest artisanal-vs-industrial difference in the table — Ousaaid et al. 2022, Molecules (Table 5, row 'Apigenin')